SYNONYM
“Madhu meh”
“The honey urine
disease”
DEFINITION
⇨ This is a chronic disorder related to glucose metabolism due to insulin deficiency.
⇨ Mostly seen in female dog and male cat.
⇨ Rare in horse
⇨ And extremely rare in cattle & Buffalo.
ETIOLOGY
⇨ There
are two type
1) ⇨ Primary diabetes
2) ⇨ Secondary diabetes
⇨ In primary diabetes type...
A) ⇨ Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 【IDDM】 :- Juvenile diabetes
B) ⇨ Insulin independent diabetes mellitus 【IIDM】:- Senile diabetes
⇨ In
secondary diabetes. It’s occurred due to affected glands, overweight and other
reasons they are…
A) Loss of pancreatic Islet Cell :-
Because….
I.
Pancreatic atrophy
II.
Pancreatic fibrosis
III.
Removal of pancreas
IV.
Auto immune complications
B) Change in kidney
Because….
I.
High dose or long time use of corticosteroid
II.
Cushing's syndrome
C) Change in liver
Because…
I.
Liver damage
II.
Liver disease
III.
Cirrhosis
IV.
Hepatitis
Pathogenesis
Insufficient
Insulin
⇓
Reduce
tissue uptake of glucose
人
For intracellular hypoglycaemia. For extracellular hyperglycemia
⇓ ⇓
glucogenesis and gluconeogenesis blood glucose level increase
⇓ ⇓
Break
down of fats and high level of ketones. glucosuria hyperglycaemic coma
丫
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Clinical signs
⇨ Mainly any clinical sign not seen at starting
⇨ Some clinical finding seen are….
· ⇨ Animal having good appetite but further they loss body weight
· ⇨ In blood test increase blood glucose level
· ⇨ Polyuria :- Excessive urination
· ⇨ Polydipsia:- Excess thirst
· ⇨ Emaciation :- excessive thinning
· ⇨ Smell of acetone in urine
· ⇨ Large amount of sugar in urine
· ⇨ Some sign of chronic pancreatic
· ⇨ And In more complications the cataract and corneal opacity also seen
Diagnosis
1)
Diagnosis of blood sugar
level of fasting
animal
2) Diagnosis of urine sugar level
Urine Glucose:
⇨ Glucose
is relatively small molecule and freely passes through the glomerulus into
the unfiltrate. In Renal proximal
tubular cells glucose is reabsorbed by both active and facilitated glucose
transport system.
Glycosuria
can be expected when serum glucose concentration excess this levels.
⇨ Above
100 mg/dL in cow
⇨ Above
180 mg/dL in dog
⇨ Above
280 mg/DL in cat
Method of estimation
- Reagent test strip
- Benedict qualitative
test
Procedure
⇨ Take
5 ml Benedict qualitative reagent and test tube
⇨ Add
8 drop (0.5 ml) of urine
⇨ Heat
to boil for 2 minutes
⇨ Colon
water bath or in running tap water
Result
⇨ Change Benedict test for reducing substance excreted in the urine the test is positive for reducing sugar like glucose, Fructose, maltose, lactose but not for sucrose and also positive for other substance like ascorbic acid, salicylate, antibiotics and L-dopa.
Treatment
·
Go for insulin therapy :- it’s control the hyperglycemia
⇨ There is mainly 3 type of insulin
1. Short acting insulin :- Crystalline use in sick diabetic animal until they start
feeding again
2. Intermediate acting insulin :- Isophane (NPH) and Lente
3. Long acting insulin :- Protaminezine(PZI)
& ultralente
⇨ Duration of action of insulin
a) Crystalline :- 5-8 hrs
b) NPH :- 28-30 hrs
c) Lente :-28-32 hrs
d) PZI :- 24 -36 hrs
e) Ultralente :- more than 36 hrs
⇨ Doses of insulin therapy
·
It’s depending on body weight but it’s range
is 5 to 50 units/day
·
Dose are depending on body glucose level and
urine glucose level
·
Proper diet has to be regulate the dose
Complications
of high dose of insulin therapy
· ⇨ Mainly hypoglycemia occurred
· ⇨ Symptoms of hypoglycemia are vomiting, increase temperature of extremities, sleepiness, headache.
Also
give the ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC drugs
⇨ They
have two groups….
1. ⇨ Sulfonylureas :- “tolbutamide” & “chlorpropamide”
2. ⇨ Bigunaides :- “ phenformin”
⇨ This
drugs use in maturity onset, non-ketosis prone diabetic patient. But not use in
juvenile onset and ketoacidosis prone diabetic patient.
Management or care of diabetic patient
· ⇨ Proper diet is very important
· ⇨ Proper insulin therapy
· ⇨ Proper dose of insulin
· ⇨ Low carbohydrates diet
· ⇨ Meat and milk should given to dog
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